Face recognition systems are no longer limited to identity verification and surveillance tasks. Growing numbers of applications are starting to use face-recognition as the initial step towards interpreting human actions, intention, and behavior, as a central part of next-generation smart environments. Many of the actions and behaviors humans display can only be interpreted if you also know the person's identity, and the identity of the people around them. Examples are a valued repeat customer entering a store, or behavior monitoring in an eldercare or childcare facility, and command-and-control interfaces in a military or industrial setting. In each of these applications identity information is crucial in order to provide machines with the background knowledge needed to interpret measurements and observations of human actions.