% Version Sat Sep 14 18:04:20 BST 1996
\begin{thebibliography}{100}


\bibitem{Bre-adjoudani_benoit95}
A.~Adjoudani and C.~Benoit. (1995).
\newblock On the integration of auditory and visual parameters in an hmm-based
  asr.
\newblock  {\em NATO Advanced Study Institute on Speechreading by Man and
  Machine}.

\bibitem{Wat-nonrigid94}
J.~Aggarwal and T.~Huang, editors. (November, 1994). 
\newblock {\em Workshop on motion of non-rigid and articulated objects}.
  Austin, TX: IEEE Computer Society Press.
 
\bibitem{Mag-Ahm93}
S. Ahmad and V. Tresp. (1993).
\newblock Classification with missing and uncertain inputs.
\newblock Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 3; pp. 1949-1954.

\bibitem{Mag-Ahm94}	
S. Ahmad.  (1994). 
\newblock A usable real-time 3d hand tracker.  
\newblock Proceedings of 28th Asilomar Conference on  Signals, Systems and Computer.

\bibitem{Tay-Ahmad95}
 T.~Ahmad, C.J.~Taylor, A.~Lanitis and T.F.~Cootes. (1995).
\newblock Recognizing hand gestures using statistical shape models.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the 6th British Machine Vision Conference},
 vol. 2; pp. 403-412. 

  
\bibitem{Mas-aka-sasaki-fuka-masui-sue92}
S.~Akamatsu, T.~Sasaki, H.~Fukamachi, N.~Masui, and Y.~Suenaga. (1992).
\newblock An accurate and robust face identification scheme.
\newblock {\em IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Hague}, pp.  217 -
  220. 

\bibitem{Kak-Akita}
K.~Akita. (1984).
\newblock Image sequence analysis of real world human motion.
\newblock {\em Pattern Recognition}, 17(1); pp. 73-83. 

\bibitem{Cas-Alibali94}
Alibali, M.W., Flevares, L. and Goldin-Meadow, S.  (1994).  {\em Going beyond what children say to 
assess their knowledge}.  Manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago.

\bibitem{Pen-aloimonos} 
Aloimonos Y., (Ed.).  (1993).  Active Perception. %%%% incomplete citation.  Where is 
publisher?:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

\bibitem{Wat-Argyle76}
M.~Argyle and M.~Cook. (1985). 
\newblock {\em Gaze and Mutual Gaze}.
\newblock  Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press.

\bibitem{Per-atkesonH85}
C.~G. Atkeson and J.~M. Hollerbach.  (1985). 
\newblock Kinematic features of unconstrained vertical arm movements.
\newblock {\em The Journal of Neuroscience}, 5(9); pp. 2318-2330. 

\bibitem{Bre-ayer_sawhney_95}
S. Ayer and H.S. Sawhney. (1995). 
\newblock Layered representation of motion video using robust
  maximum-likelihood estimation of mixture models and mdl encoding.
\newblock {\em International Conference on  Computer Vision}, pp.  777-784, Cambridge, MA.

\bibitem{Wat-azarb96}
A.~Azarbayejani and A.~Pentland. (1996). 
\newblock Real-time self-calibrating stereo person tracking using {3-D} shape
  estimation from blob features.
\newblock Technical Report 363, M.I.T. Media Lab, Perceptual Computing Section.

\bibitem{G-Azarbayejani:93}
A.~Azarbayejani, T.~Starner, B.~Horowitz, and A.~Pentland. (1993). 
\newblock Visually controlled graphics.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  15(6); pp. 602-605.

\bibitem{Pen-ali96} Azarbayejani, A., Wren, C., and Pentland,
A.  (May, 1996). Real-Time 3-D tracking of the human body. {\em ImageCom 96}. 
Bordeaux, France.

\bibitem{Pen-bajcsy}
Bajcsy, R.  (1988). Active perception.
%%%% Is this a book or an article?  If book, then both words capitalized, if article, only first 
word caped.   If book should follow same format at Argyle and Cook above.
   {\em Proceedings of  IEEE}, vol. 76 (8); pp. 996-1005.

\bibitem{Pen-ballardbrown}
Ballard, D., and Brown, C.  (1982). {\em Computer Vision}.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood 
%%%% Incomplete citation.  Is it Englewood, NJ?  Then Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall.  

\bibitem{Pen-barwise} Barwise, J., and Perry, J.  (1986).  {\em Situation
Semantics}.  Cambridge, MA:  M.I.T. Press.

\bibitem{Pen-basu96} Basu, S., Casey, M.A., Gardner, W., Azarbayejani, A.,
and Pentland, A.   (May, 1996).   Vision-Steered Audio for Interactive
Environments.  {\sl Proceedings of IMAGE'COM '96}.  Bordeaux, France. 
Also, M.I.T. Technical Report 373.

\bibitem{Wat-baumberg94}
A.~Baumberg and D.~Hogg. (1994). 
\newblock An efficient method for contour tracking using active shape models.
\newblock In J.~Aggarwal and T.~Huang, (Eds.), {\em Proceedings of Workshop on
  Motion of Non-Rigid and Articulated Objects}, pp. 194�199.  
Austin, Texas:  IEEE Computer Society Press.

\bibitem{Wen-Beckmann90}
N. Beckmann, H. Kriegel, R. Schneider, and B. Seeger.  (1990).  The $r^*$-tree:
an efficient and robust access method for points and rectangles. {\em Proceedings of the 1990 ACM 
SIGMOD}, pp. 322-331.

\bibitem{Bre-beier_neely_92}
T.~Beier and S.~Neely. (1992). 
\newblock Feature-based image metamorphosis.
\newblock {\em Computer Graphics}, 26 (2); pp. 35-42.

\bibitem{Cas-Bers96}
 Bers, J.  (in press).  A body model server for human motion capture and representation.  {\em Presence:  
Teleoperators and Virtual Environments}, 5(4). %%%% any page numbers?


\bibitem{Wen-Besl92}
P.  J. Besl and N. D. Mckay.  (1992). 
A method for registration of 3-d shapes.   {\em IEEE Trans. on PAMI}, vol. 14, pp. 239-256.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Bre-beymer93}
D.~Beymer, A.~Shashua, and T.~Poggio. (1993). 
\newblock Example based image analysis and synthesis.
\newblock {\em M.I.T. A.I. Memo No. 1431. %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or 
journals?  

\bibitem{Bic-Beyer94}	H.\ Beyer.  (1992).  
Accurate Calibration of CCD Cameras. {\it CVPR Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern 
Recognition}, pp.  96-101.  Champaign, Illinois.

\bibitem{G-afgr95}
M.~Bichsel.(1995).  %%%% what is the title of the article or workshop  that is in this edited book? 
Or was it just a workshop without a presented paper?   It still needs a title no matter....
\newblock In  M. Bichsel (Ed.), {\em Proc. Int. Workshop on Automatic Face and 
Gesture Recognition},  Zurich, Switzerland. %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or 
journals?  

\bibitem{Bic-Bichsel94c} M.\ Bichsel. (1994). Segmenting simply connected moving objects in a static
scene. {\it Transactions on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence}, 16(11); pp. 1138-1142.  

\bibitem{Bic-Bichsel94b} M.\ Bichsel. (1994).  Illumination invariant segmentation
of simply connected moving objects. {\it 5th British Machine Vision
Conference}, pp.  459-468.  University of York, UK.

\bibitem{Bic-Bichsel94} M.\ Bichsel and A.\ Pentland. (1994).  Human face
recognition and the face image set's topology.
{\it CVGIP: Image Processing}, 59(2); pp. 254-261.

\bibitem{Bic-Bichsel95} M.\ Bichsel. (1995).  Human face recognition: From views to
models - from models to views. {\it Proceedings of the International Workshop on Automatic Face- and 
Gesture Recognition}, pp. 59-64.  Zurich, Switzerland.

\bibitem{Mas-birdwhistell}
Ray~L. Birdwhistell.(1970).  
\newblock {\em Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication}.
\newblock University of Pennsylvania Press:  Philadelphia, PA.

\bibitem{Cip-Blake:93}
A.~Blake, R.~Curwen, and A.~Zisserman. (1993). 
\newblock A framework for spatiotemporal control in the tracking of visual
  contours.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Computer Vision}, 11(2); pp. 127-145.

\bibitem{Wen-Blake94}
A. Blake and M. Isard. (1994).  3D position, attitude and shape input using video
tracking of hands and lips.  {\em Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94}, pp. 185-192.

\bibitem{Bre-blake95}
A.~Blake, M.~Isard, and D.~Reynard. (1995). 
\newblock Learning to track the visual motion of contours.
\newblock {\em J. Artificial Intelligence%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or 
journals?  


\bibitem{Wen-Bobick95}
A. Bobick and A. Wilson.  (1995).  A state-based technique for the summarization
and recognition of gesture.  {\em Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Computer Vision}, 
pp. 382-388,.  Boston, MA.

\bibitem{Tay-Bookstein89}
F.L~Bookstein. (1989).  
\newblock Principal warps: Thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}. 
  11(6); pp. 567-585.

 
\bibitem{Mas-bolt87}
Richard~A. Bolt. (1987). 
\newblock The integrated multi-modal interface.
\newblock {\em trans. IEICE of Japan}, J70-D(11); pp. 2017-2025.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Mag-Bol92}
R.A.Bolt, E. Herranz: (             )  %%%% What year was this published.  Was it 1992?  Very 
important.
\newblock Two-Handed Gesture in Multi-Modal Natural Dialog. 
\newblock Proceedings of UIST '92.  New York, NY:  ACM Press.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Pen-bruce-AAAI-SS} 
Blumberg B. (1994).  Building Believable Animals.  To be published in:
Proceedings of the 1994 AAAI Spring Symposium on Believable Agents,
Palo Alto, March.  %%%% what year will this be published in.  Says to be published, but the date 
on it is 1994....

\bibitem{Pen-bruce-SAB} %%%% Is this correct?  Hamsterdam?  Or is it amsterdam? 
Blumberg B.  (1994).  Action-Selection in Hamsterdam: Lessons from
ethology. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the
Simulation of Adaptive Behavior.  %%%% Is this correct?  I thought the M.I.T. Press was out of 
Cambridge?  In either case, the city/state comes before the name of the press, divided by �:� 
M.I.T. Press, Brighton. 

\bibitem{Cas-Bolinger83}
 Bolinger, D.  (1983).  Intonation and Gesture.  {\em American Speech}.  58(2), pp. 156-174.
%%%% who published it and where?

\bibitem{Cas-Bolt87}
 Bolt, R.A.  (1987).  The integrated multi-modal interface.  {\em Transactions of the Institute of 
Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (Japan)}, J79-D(11),  pp. 2017-2025.  

\bibitem{Cas-Bolt80}
 Bolt, R.A.  (1980).  Put-that-there:  Voice and gesture at the graphics interface.  {\em Computer 
Graphics}, 14(3); pp. 262-270.

\bibitem{Mag-Bol92}
R.A.Bolt, E. Herranz.  (1992).  
\newblock Two-handed gesture in multi-modal natural dialog.  
\newblock Proc. UIST, 7-14, Monterey, California.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Wen-Bonvillian76}
J. Bonvillian, K. Nelson, and V. Charrow.  (1976).  Language and language related
skills in deaf and hearing children.   {\em Sign Language Studies}.
vol. 12, pp. 211-250.
 
\bibitem{Per-borgheseFP91}
N.A. Borghese, M.~Di Rienzo, G.~Ferrigno, and A.~Pedotti. (1991). 
\newblock Elite: A goal oriented vision system for moving objects detection.
\newblock {\em Robotica}, 9; pp. 275-282.

\bibitem{Wen-Bornstein89}
H. Bornstein and K. Saulnier.  (1989).  {\em The Signed English Starter},
Washington, D.C.: CLERC BOOKS, Gallaudet University Press. 
 
\bibitem{Bre-bourlard93:book}
H.A. Bourlard and Morgan N. (1993). 
\newblock {\em Connectionist Speech Recognition: A hybrid approach}.
\newblock  %%%% where is this publisher?: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

\bibitem{Bre-bregler_quals_tr}
C.~Bregler. (1996). 
\newblock Probabilistic recognition of human actions.
\newblock Technical Report http://www.cs/\~bregler/quals.ps.gz.  Computer
  Science Division, U.C. Berkeley.

\bibitem{Bre-breg93:improving}
C.~Bregler, H.~Hild, S.~Manke, and A.~Waibel. (1993). 
\newblock Improving connected letter recognition by lipreading.
\newblock {\em International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing}, vol. 1, pp. 557--
560. IEEE.

\bibitem{Bre-breg95:manifold}
C.~Bregler and S.M. Omohundro.(1995). 
\newblock Nonlinear manifold learning for visual speech recognition.
\newblock In W.~Eric~L. Grimson, (Ed.), {\em Proceedings of the Fifth
  International Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 494-499. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society 
Press.   10662 Los
  Vaqueros Circle, P.O. Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720-1264  

\bibitem{Bre-breg95:interpolate}
C.~Bregler and Stephen Omohundro.  (1995). 
\newblock Nonlinear image interpolation using manifold learning.
\newblock  {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, vol.~7. 
%%%% Ought there be pages listed?  

\bibitem{Bre-breg94:surface}
C.~Bregler and S.M.~Omohundro. (1994). 
\newblock Surface learning with applications to lipreading.
\newblock   J.D. Cowan, G.~Tesauro, and J.~Alspector, (editors). {\em Advances
  in Neural Information Processing Systems}, vol. ~6.
%%%% what is this:   Morgan Kaufmann and ought there not be pages to this article?  

 
\bibitem{Wen-Breiman93}
L. Breiman, J. H. Friedman, R. A. Olshen and C. J. Stone.  (1993).  {\em Classification and
Regression Trees}.  New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.
 
\bibitem{Wen-Brown1856}
J. S. Brown. (1856).  {\em A Vocabulary of Mute Signs}.  Baton Rouge, Louisiana:  %%%% is there a 
publisher?  

\bibitem{G-Brunelli93}
R. Brunelli and T. Poggio. (1993).  
\newblock Face recognition: Features versus templates.
\newblock {\em PAMI}, 15(10); pp. 1042--1052.

\bibitem{Per-bucy65}
R.S. Bucy.  (1965).  
\newblock Non-linear filtering theory.
\newblock {\em IEEE Trans. A.C. AC-10, 198}.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Kak-Campbell}
L.~W. Campbell and A.~F. Bobick. (June, 1995). 
\newblock Recognition of human body motion using phase space constraints.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Vision},
  pp. 624-630.  Cambridge, Massachusetts.  .

\bibitem{Wat-Carpenter72}
R.H.S. Carpenter. (1972). 
\newblock {\em Movements of the Eyes}.  %%%% Is this a book?  Where is it published then?
\newblock Pion Limited.

\bibitem{Cas-Cassell96}
Cassell, J., McNeill, D. and McCullough, K.E.  (in press).  Speech-gesture mismatches:  Evidence for one 
underlying representation of linguistic and nonlinguistic information.  {\em Cognition}.

\bibitem{Mas-cassell94}
Justine~Cassell et~al. (     )  %%%% what year published?
\newblock Animated conversation: Rule-based generation of facial expression,
  gesture and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents.
\newblock  {\em SIGGRAPH94 Proceedings}, pp. 413-420, Orlando, FL.

\bibitem{Cas-Cassell94a}
 Cassell, J., Pelachaud, C., Badler, N.I., Steedman, M., Achorn, B., Beckett, T., Douville, B., Prevost, 
S. and Stone, M.  (1994a).  Animated Conversation:  Rule-based generation of facial expression, gesture 
and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents. {\em Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 
proceedings)}.


\bibitem{Cas-Cassell94b}
 Cassell, J., Steedman, M., Badler, N., Pelachaud, C., Stone, M., Douville, B., Prevost, S., and Achorn, 
B.  (1994b).  Modeling the interaction between gesture and speech.  {\em Proceedings of the Cognitive 
Science Society Annual Conference}.

\bibitem{Wen-Chazelle85}
B. Chazelle.  (1985). How to search in history. {\em Inf. Control},  %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate 
titles of workshops or journals?  vol. 64, pp. 77-99.
 
\bibitem{Tay-Chellapa95}
 R.~Chellapa, C.L.~Wilson and S.~Sirohey.  (1995).  
\newblock  Human and machine recognition of faces: A survey.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the IEEE},  83(5); pp. :705-740.

\bibitem{Yac-Chen95b}
Q. Chen, T. Fukumoto, H. Wu, and M. Yachida.  (1995). 
\newblock Face observation using an active camera.
\newblock  {\em International Conference on Human Computer Interaction}.
  pp. 553-558.

\bibitem{Yac-Chen95}
Q. Chen, H. Wu, and M. Yachida. (1995). 
\newblock Face detection by fuzzy pattern matching.
\newblock {\em Proc. 5th International  Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 591-596.  

\bibitem{Wen-Cho94}
K. Cho and S. M. Dunn.  (1994). Learning shape classes.  {\em
IEEE Tran. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}, vol. 16,
pp. 882-888. %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  
 
\bibitem{Mas-choi-hara-takebe90e}
Chang~Seok Choi, Hiroshi Harashima, and Tsuyosi Takebe.  (1990).
\newblock {3-Dimensional facial model-based description and synthesis of facial
  expressions (in Japanese)}.
\newblock {\em trans. IEICE of Japan}, J73-A(7); pp. 1270-1280.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Cip-Cipolla:92a}
R.~Cipolla and A.~Blake.  (1992). 
\newblock Surface shape from the deformation of apparent contours.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Computer Vision}, 9(2); pp. 83-112.

\bibitem{Wen-Cipolla93}
R. Cipolla, Y. Okamoto and Y. Kuno.  (1993).   Robust structure from motion
using motion parallax.  {\em IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and
Pattern Recog.}, pp. 374-382. %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

  
\bibitem{Cip-Cipolla94}
R.~Cipolla and N.J. Hollinghurst.  (1994).
\newblock Visual robot guidance from uncalibrated stereo.
\newblock In C.M. Brown and D.~Terzopoulos, (Eds.), {\em Realtime Computer
  Vision}. CUP.  %%%% Unsure of what CUP is and how it should be cited.

\bibitem{Cip-Cipolla96}
R.~Cipolla and N.J. Hollinghurst.  (1996).  
\newblock Human--robot interface by pointing with uncalibrated stereo vision.
\newblock {\em Image and Vision Computing}, 14(3); pp. 171-178.

\bibitem{Cas-Church86}
 Church, R.B. and Goldin-Meadow, S.  (1986).  The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of 
transitional knowledge.  {\em Cognition}, 23, pp. 43-71.


\bibitem{Cas-Cohen77}
 Cohen, A.A.  (1977).  The communicative functions of hand illustrators.  {\em Journal of 
Communication}, 27(4); pp.  54-63.


\bibitem{Cas-Cohen73}
 Cohen, A.A. and Harrison, R.P.  (1973).  Intentionality in the use of hand illustrators in face-to-face 
communication situations.  {\em Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, 28, pp.  276-279.


\bibitem{Bre-cohen_93}
M.M. Cohen and D.W. Massaro.  (1993). 
\newblock Modeling coarticulation in synthetic visual speech. synthesis of
  visible speech.
\newblock {\em Models and Techniques in Computer Animation, in N. M. Thalmann, and
  D. Thalmann (Eds.)}.  %%%% If this is a book, this should have a publisher and place of 
publishing.

\bibitem{Col-inproceedings:Colombo95a}
C.~Colombo, S.~Andronico, and P.~Dario.  (1995). 
\newblock Prototype of a vision-based gaze-driven man-machine interface.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of~IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots
  and Systems IROS'95, Pittsburgh, U.S.A., August 1995}, pp. 188-192.

\bibitem{Col-inproceedings:Colombo96}
C.~Colombo and J.L.~Crowley.  (1996).  
\newblock Uncalibrated visual tasks via linear interaction.
\newblock{\em Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision ECCV'96,
  Cambridge, England, April 1996}, pp.  583-592.

\bibitem{Col-Colombo97}
C.~Colombo and A.~Del Bimbo.  (to be published in 1997). 
\newblock Interacting through eyes.
\newblock {\em Robotics and Autonomous Systems},
%%%% Is this a book or a journal?  For either, it is an incomplete citation.

\bibitem{Tay-Cootes_cvgip95}
 T.F.~Cootes, C.J.~Taylor, D.H.~Cooper and J.~Graham.  (1995).  
\newblock  Active shape models - their training and application.
\newblock {\em Computer Vision Graphics and Image Understanding},
 61(1); pp.  38-59.

\bibitem{Tay-Cootes_bmvc94}
 T.F.~Cootes, C.J.~Taylor and A.~Lanitis. (1994).  
\newblock  Active shape models: Evaluation of a multi-resolution method for improving image search. 
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the 5th British Machine Vision Conference},
vol.~1, pp.  327-336.

\bibitem{Wen-Cottrell87}
G.W. Cottrell, P.W. Munro and D. Zipser.  (1987).   Image compression by
back propagation: A demonstration of extensional programming.
In N.E. Sharkey (Ed.), {\em Advances in cognitive science}, vol. 2,
Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.  

\bibitem{Tay-Cottrell91}
 G.W.~Cottrell and J.~Metcalfe. (1991).  
\newblock  EMPATH: Face, gender and emotion recognition using holons. 
\newblock {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
vol.~3, pp. 564-571.

\bibitem{Tay-Craw_eccv92}
  I.~Craw, D.~Tock and A.~Bennett.  (1992). 
\newblock  Finding face features. 
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision},
pp.  92-96.

\bibitem{Tay-Craw_bmvc92}
  I.~Craw and  P.~Cameron.  (1992). 
\newblock  Face recognition by computer. 
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the 3rd British Machine Vision Conference},
pp. 489-507.
 
\bibitem{Wen-Cui95d}
Y. Cui and J. Weng.  (1995). A learning-based prediction-and-verification 
segmentation scheme for hand sign image sequences.   Technical Report
CPS-95-43.   Computer Science Department, Michigan State University.

\bibitem{Wen-Cui95b}
Y. Cui,  D. Swets and J. Weng.  (1995).  Learning-based hand sign recognition 
using SHOSLIF-M. {\em Proceedings of the. International  Conference on  Computer Vision}. 
pp. 631-636, Boston.

\bibitem{Wen-Cui96}
Y. Cui and J. Weng.  (1996).  Hand segmentation using learning-based prediction and 
verification for hand-sign recognition.  {\em IEEE
Conference of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pp. 88-93, San Francisco.

\bibitem{Col-snakes:curwen2}
R.~Curwen and A.~Blake. (1992). 
\newblock Dynamic contours: Real-time active splines.
\newblock In A.~Blake and A.~Yuille, (Eds.),  {\em Active Vision}, ch.~3,
  pp. 39-57. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

\bibitem{G-Darrell93}
T. Darrel and A. Pentland. (1993). 
\newblock Space-time gestures.
\newblock  {\em IEEE Proceedings on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, 
New York, pp. 335-340, June.

\bibitem{Pen-davey}
Davey, G. (1989). Ecological Learning Theory.  London, UK:  Routledge Inc.

\bibitem{Wen-Davis94}
J. Davis and M. Shah.  (1994). Visual gesture recognition. {\em
IEE Proceedings of Visual  Image Signal Process}, vol. 141(2), pp. 101-106, 
April.
 
\bibitem{Bre-dempster77:em}
A.P. Dempster, N.M. Laird, and D.B. Rubin. (1977). 
\newblock Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the em algorithm.
\newblock {\em Journal of the Royal Statistical Society}, 39(B).


\bibitem{Kak-Desain}
P.~Desain. (1989). 
\newblock The quantization of musical time: A connectionist approach.
\newblock {\em Computer Music Journal}, 13(3); pp. 56�66.
 
\bibitem{Per-dickmannsG88B}
E.~D. Dickmanns and V.~Graefe. (1988). 
\newblock Applications of dynamic monocular machine vision.
\newblock {\em Machine Vision and Applications}, 1, pp. 241--261.

\bibitem{Wat-DECtalk85}
{Digital Equipment Corporation}. (1985). 
\newblock {\em DECtalk Programmers Reference Manual}.

\bibitem{Wen-Dobkin76}
D. P. Dobkin and R. J. Lipton.  (1976). Multidimensional searching problems.  
{\em SIAM J. Comput}., vol. 5, pp. 181-186.
 %%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Wen-Downton91}
A. C. Downton and H. Drouet. (1991). Image analysis for model-based sign
language coding.  {\em Progress in image analysis and processing II:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing},
pp. 79-89.
 
\bibitem{G-Duda73}
R.O. Duda and P.E. Hart.  (1973).  
\newblock {\em Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis}.
\newblock New York: John Wiley and Sons.

\bibitem{Cas-Duncan72}
 Duncan, S.  (1972).  Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations.  {\em Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology}, 23 (2); pp. 283-292.

\bibitem{Pen-eccles}
Eccles, J.  (1989). Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the self.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.


\bibitem{Cas-Efron41}
 Efron, D.  (1941).  {\em Gesture and environment}.  New York:  King's Crown Press.

\bibitem{Mas-ekman77}
Paul Ekman.  (1977). 
\newblock Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement.
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\bibitem{Mas-ekman-friesen75}
Paul Ekman and Wallace~F. Friesen. (1975).
\newblock {\em Unmasking the Face}.
\newblock %%%% needs place in CA where published, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, Inc.

\bibitem{Cas-Ekman69}
 Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.  (1969).  The repertoire of nonverbal behavioral categories -- origins, usage, 
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\bibitem{Wen-Elman88}
J.L. Elman and D. Zipser.  (1988).  Discovering the hidden structure of speech.  {\em Journal of the 
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pp. 1615-1626.
 
\bibitem{Pen-irfan94}
Essa, I., Pentland, A. (1994).  A vision system for observing and
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Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy.
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\bibitem{Col-Essa94b}
I.A.~Essa and A.~Pentland. (1994).
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Featherstone R. (1987).  {\em Robot Dynamics Algorithms}.  Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic
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\bibitem{Mag-Fel92}
W. Felger. (1992). 
\newblock How interactive visualization can benefit from
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%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  I am uncertain of this citation.  

\bibitem{Cip-Fischler:81}
M.~A. Fischler and R.~C. Bolles. (1981). 
\newblock Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with
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\bibitem{Mag-Fol87}
J.D. Foley. (1987). 
\newblock Interfaces for advanced computing.
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%%%% are there page numbers for this citation?

\bibitem{G-freeman95}
W.~Freeman and C.~Weissman. (1995). 
\newblock Television control by hand gestures.
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\bibitem{Per-freemanRoth94}
W.~T. Freeman and M.~Roth. (1994).
\newblock Orientation histograms for hand gesture recognition.
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\bibitem{Mas-fuku-mase-sue94}
M. Fukumoto, K. Mase, and Y. Suenaga. (1994). 
\newblock Finger-pointer: Pointing interface by image processing.
\newblock {\em Comput. and Graphics.}, 18(5); pp. 633--642, May.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Per-gavrilaD96}
D.M. Gavrila and L.S. Davis. (1996). 
\newblock 3-d model-based tracking of humans in action: A multi-view approach.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on
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\bibitem{Cip-Gee:94d}
A.~Gee and R.~Cipolla. (1994). 
\newblock Determining the gaze of faces in images.
\newblock {\em Image and Vision Computing}, 12(10); pp. 639--647, December.

\bibitem{Cip-Gee:96b}
A.~Gee and R.~Cipolla. (1996). 
\newblock Fast visual tracking by temporal consensus.
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\bibitem{Cas-Goldin-Meadow92}
 Goldin-Meadow, S., Wein, D. and Chang, C. (1992).  Assessing knowledge through gesture:  Using 
children's hands to read their minds.  {\em Cognition and Instruction}, 9(3); pp. 201-219.


\bibitem{Bre-gold93:continuous}
Alan~J. Goldschen. (1993). 
\newblock {\em Continuous Automatic Speech Recognition by Lipreading}.
\newblock PhD thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
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\bibitem{Per-goncalvesDUP95}
L.~Goncalves, E.~Di Bernardo, E.~Ursella, and P.~Perona. (1995). 
\newblock Monocular tracking of the human arm in 3d.
\newblock {\em International Conference Computer Vision}, pp. 764-770,
 1995.

\bibitem{Cas-Goodwin92}
 Goodwin, C. and Duranti, A.  (1992).  Rethinking context:  An introduction.  {\em Rethinking 
Context}.  Cambridge, England:  Cambridge University Press.


\bibitem{Wen-Guttman84}
A. Guttman. (1984). R-trees: A dynamic index structure for spatial searching{\em ACM SIGMOD}, pp. 
905-910.

\bibitem{Cas-Hajicova87}
 Hajicova, E. and Sgall, P.  (1987).  The ordering principle.  {\em Journal of Pragmatics}, 11, pp. 435-
454.
  
\bibitem{Cas-Halliday67}
 Halliday, M.  (1967).  {\em Intonation and Grammar in British English}.  Mouton:  The Hague.

\bibitem{Kak-Hammond}
K.~J. Hammond. (1989). 
\newblock {\em Case-Based Planning}.
\newblock San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
 

\bibitem{Mag-Hau89}
A.G. Hauptmann. (1989).  
\newblock Speech and gesture for graphic image manipulation.
\newblock Proceedings of  Computer Human Interaction. Austin, Texas, pp. 241-245.  New York: ACM
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 \bibitem{Tay-Heap95}
A.~Heap. (1995). 
\newblock Robust real-time tracking and gesture recognition using smart 
snakes.
\newblock {\em Internal Report, Olivetti Research Ltd}.

\bibitem{Bre-hermansky92:rasta}
H.~Hermansky, N.~Morgan, A.~Bayya, and P.~Kohn. (1992). 
\newblock Rasta-plp speech analysis technique.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings  ICASSP}, San Francisco.

\bibitem{Cas-Hinrichs86}
 Hinrichs, E. and Polanyi, L.  (1986).  Pointing the way:  A unified treatment of referential gesture in 
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Chicago:  Chicago Linguistics Society.

\bibitem{Cip-Hollinghurst94}
N.~J.~Hollinghurst and R.~Cipolla. (1994). 
\newblock Uncalibrated stereo hand--eye coordination.
\newblock {\em Image and Vision Computing}, vol.~12(3),  pp. 187-192.

\bibitem{Mag-Hu62}
M.K.HU. (1962). 
\newblock Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants,
\newblock IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-8, pp. 179-187

\bibitem{G-Huang95}
T.S. Huang and V. I. Pavlovic, (1995). 
\newblock Hand gesture modeling, analysis, and synthesis,
\newblock  {\em Proc. International 
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\bibitem{Col-Hutchinson93}
T.E.~Hutchinson. (1993). 
\newblock Computers that sense eye position on the display.
\newblock {\em {IEEE} Computer}, 26(7); pp. 65--67.

\bibitem{Cip-Huttenlocher:90}
D.~P. Huttenlocher and S.~Ullman. (1990).
\newblock Recognizing solid objects by alignment with an image.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Computer Vision}, 5(2); pp. 195--212.

\bibitem{Kak-Ikeuchi}
K.~Ikeuchi and M.~Hebert. (1990). 
\newblock Task oriented vision.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings of DARPA Image Understanding Workshop}, pp. 
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\bibitem{Col-Jacob93}
R.J.K.~Jacob. (1993). 
\newblock What you look at is what you get.
\newblock {\em {IEEE} Computer}, 26(7); pp. 65-66.

\bibitem{Per-jazwinski70}
A.H. Jazwinski. (1970). 
\newblock {\em Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory}.
\newblock %%%% where is this press located? : Academic Press.

\bibitem{Bre-jepson_black_93}
A.~Jepson and M.J. Black. (1993). 
\newblock Mixture models for ptical flow computation.
\newblock {\em Proc. IEEE Conference on. Computer Vision Pattern Recognition}, pp. 
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Jones, M., and Poggio, T. (1995). Model-based matching of line
drawings by linear combinations of prototypes. 
{\sl International  Conference on Computer Vision}, Cambridge, MA, June.
%%%% does this citation need page numbers?

\bibitem{Bre-jordan94:hme}
M.I. Jordan and R.~A. Jacobs. (1994). 
\newblock Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the em algorithm.
\newblock {\em Neural Computation}, 6(2), March.
%%%% does this citation need page numbers? 

\bibitem{Per-kakadiarisM96}
I.A. Kakadiaris and D.~Metaxas. (1996). 
\newblock Model based estimation of 3d human motion with occlusion based on
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\newblock  {\em Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on
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R.E. Kalman. (1960). 
\newblock A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems.
\newblock {\em Trans. of the ASME-Journal of basic engineering.}, pp. 35-45.
%%%% Is it okay to abbreviate titles of workshops or journals?  

\bibitem{Mag-Kammerer95}
B. K\"{a}mmerer and C. Maggioni. (1995). 
\newblock GestureComputer: Research and practice, 
\newblock Proceedings of the  Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds, 
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\bibitem{Wat-KANG95C}
S.~B. Kang, A.~Johnson, and R.~Szeliski. (1995). 
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\newblock Technical Report 95/7, Digital Equipment Corporation, Cambridge
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\bibitem{Wat-KANG96A}
S.~B. Kang and R.~Szeliski. (1996). 
\newblock 3-{D} scene data recovery using omnidirectional multibaseline stereo.
\newblock {\em Proceedings on IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and
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\bibitem{Wat-KANG95A}
S.~B. Kang, J.~Webb, L.~Zitnick, and T.~Kanade. (1995). 
\newblock A multibaseline stereo system with active illumination and real-time
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\newblock  {\em Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'95)},
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\bibitem{G-kass87:snakes}
M. Kass, A. Witkin, and D. Terzopoulus. (1987). 
\newblock Snakes: {A}ctive contour models.
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\bibitem{Kak-Katayose1}
H.~Katayose, M.~Imai, and S.~Inokuchi. (1988). 
\newblock Sentiment extraction in music.
\newblock {\em Proceeding of International Conference on Pattern
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\bibitem{Kak-Katayose2}
H.~Katayose and S.~Inokuchi. (1990).
\newblock Intelligent music transcription system.
\newblock {\em Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence},
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\bibitem{G-Kaucic96}
R.~Kaucic, B.~Dalton, and A.~Blake. (1996). 
\newblock Real-time lip tracking for audio-visual speech recognition
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\newblock {\em Proceedings  of 4th European Conference on Computer Vision ECCV'96},
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\bibitem{Cas-Kendon93}
 Kendon, A.  (1993).  Gestures as illocutionary and discourse structure markers in southern Italian 
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Context of Talk}. %%%% the other citations have had pages and place.... so this one seems 
incomplete


\bibitem{Cas-Kendon80}
 Kendon, A.  (1980).  Gesticulation and speech:  two aspects of the process.  In M.R. Key (Ed.), {\em The 
Relation Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication}.  Mouton. %%%% who is the publisher, 
and the place, if that�s what it is, is incomplete.  Is it France?  Or where?

\bibitem{Cas-Kendon72}
 Kendon, A.  (1972).  Some relationships between body motion and speech.  In A.W. Siegman and B. 
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\bibitem{Yac-Kimura95}
S. Kimura, C. Lee, and M. Yachida. (1995). 
\newblock Extended facial expression recognition using potential net.
\newblock{\em Asian Conference on Computer Vision}, vol, 3, pp.-728-732, Singapore, December.

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M.~Kirby and L.~Sirovich. (1990). 
\newblock Application of the Karhumen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces.
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\bibitem{Bre-kirby93:pca}
M.~Kirby, F.~Weisser, and A.~Dangelmayr. (1993). 
\newblock A model problem in represention of digitial image sequences.
\newblock {\em Pattern Recognition}, 26(1). %%%% ought there not be page numbers?

\bibitem{Wen-Kervrann94}
C. Kervrann and F. Heitz. (1994). A hierarchical statistical framework for the segmentation
of deformable objects in image sequences.  {Proceedings of  IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pp. 724-728.

\bibitem{Cip-Koch:93}
R.~Koch. (1993). 
\newblock Dynamic {3-D} scene analysis through synthesis feedback control.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
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\bibitem{Cas-Koons93}
Koons, D.B., Sparrell, C.J. and Th\'{o}risson, K.R.  (1993).  Integrating simultaneous input from speech, 
gaze and hand gestures.  In M.T. Maybury (Ed.), {\em Intelligent Multi-Media Interfaces}.  Cambridge, 
MA:  AAAI Press/M.I.T. Press.


\bibitem{Wen-Knuth73}
D. Knuth, (1973). {\em The Art of Computer Programming III: Sorting and Searching},
Reading, MA:  Addison-Wesley.

\bibitem{Cas-Krauss91}
 Krauss, R., Morrel-Samuels, P. and Colasante, C.  (1991).  Do conversational hand gestures 
communicate?  {\em Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, 61(5), pp. 743-754.


\bibitem{Mag-Kru83}
M.W. Krueger. (1983). 
\newblock {\em Artificial Reality}
\newblock Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

\bibitem{G-krueger90}
M.~Krueger. (1990). 
\newblock {\em Artificial Reality II}.
\newblock Reading, MA:  Addison Wesley.

 
\bibitem{G-Kuch95}
J.J. Kuch and T.S. Huang. (1995). 
\newblock Vision based hand modeling and tracking for virtual teleconferencing
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\newblock {\em International Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 666--671,
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\bibitem{Per-lacquanitiST86}
F.~Lacquaniti, J.F. Soechting, and S.A. Terzuolo. (1986). 
\newblock Path constraints on point-to-point arm movements in three-dimensional
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\newblock {\em Neuroscience}, 17(2; pp. 313--324.

\bibitem{Tay-Lades93}
M.~Lades, J.C.~Vorbruggen, J.~Buhmann, J.~Lange, C.~Malsburg, R.P.~Wurtz and W.~Konen. (1993). 
\newblock Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Computers},
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\bibitem{Tay-Lanitis94}
A.~Lanitis, C.J.~Taylor and T.F.~Cootes. (1994). 
\newblock Automatic  identification of human faces using flexible appearance models.
\newblock {\em Image and Vision Computing},
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\bibitem{Tay-Lanitis95}
A.~Lanitis, C.J.~Taylor and T.F.~Cootes.  (1995).
\newblock  A unified approach to coding and interpreting face images.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Vision},
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\bibitem{Bre-Lanitis95}
A.~Lanitis, Taylor C.J., Cootes T.F., and Ahmed T.  (1995). 
\newblock Automatic interpretation of human faces and hand gestures using
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\newblock  {\em International Workshop on Automatic Face and
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\bibitem{Yac-Lee94}
C. Lee, A. Tsukamoto, K. Iirota, and S. Tsuji. (1994).
\newblock A visual interaction system using real-time face tracking.
\newblock  {\em Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers},
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\bibitem{Per-lenarcicU94}
J. Lenarcic and A. Umek.  (1994). 
\newblock Simple model of human reachable workspace.
\newblock {\em IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}, 24(8): 1239-1246,
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\bibitem{Kak-Leung}
M.~K. Leung and Y.~H. Yang.  (1995). 
\newblock First sight: A human body outline labeling system.
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\bibitem{Cas-Levelt89}
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\bibitem{Bre-lewis_91}
J.~Lewis.  (1991).  
\newblock Automated lip-sync: Background and techniques.
\newblock {\em Journal Visualization and Computer Animation}, 2.
%%%% does this citation need pages?

\bibitem{Mag-Li91}
B-C. Li and J. Shen.  (1991). 
\newblock Fast computation of moment invariants. 
\newblock Pattern Recognition, vol. 24(8), pp. 807-813.  

\bibitem{Cip-Li:93}
H.~Li, P.~Roivainen, and R.~Forchheimer. (1993).  
\newblock {3-D} motion estimation in model-based facial image coding.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
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\bibitem{Wen-Loeve55}
M.M. Loeve.  (1955).  {\em Probability Theory}, Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
 
\bibitem{Bre-henton}
P.~Litwinowicz and C.~Henton. 
\newblock Viseme categories.
\newblock Personal  communications, %%%% need month, year.

\bibitem{Bre-litwi_94}
P.~Litwinowicz and L.~Wiliams. (1994). 
\newblock Animating images with drawings.
\newblock  {\em SIGGRAPH 94 Proceedings}. %%%% are there pages for this?

\bibitem{Pen-lorenz} Lorenz, K.  (1973).  Foundations of Ethology.
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\bibitem{Bre-luettin_thacker_beet96}
J.~Luettin, N.~A. Thacker, and S.~W. Beet. (1996). 
\newblock Visual speech recognition using active shape models and hidden markov
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\bibitem{Pen-maes-book} Maes P. (1991).  Designing Autonomous Agents:
Theory and practice from biology to engineering and back.  %%%% what is the publisher�s place?  If  
M.I.T. Press it would be Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.  Not sure about Bradford Books.
Bradford Books/M.I.T. Press.

\bibitem{G-maes96}
P.~Maes, T.~Darrell, B.~Blumberg, and A.~Pentland. (1996). 
\newblock The {ALIVE} system: {W}ireless, full-body interaction with autonomous
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\newblock {\em ACM Multimedia Systems}. %%%% does this need pages?

\bibitem{G-maggioni95}
C.~Maggioni. (1995). 
\newblock Gesturecomputer -- {N}ew ways of operating a computer.
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\bibitem{Mag-Mag93a}
C. Maggioni. (September, 1993). 
\newblock  A Novel Device for using the Hand as a Human Computer Interface. 
\newblock People and Computers VIII, 
\newblock  J.L. Alty, (Ed.), Proceedings of  Human Computer Interaction, 
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\bibitem{Mag-Mag93b}
Ch.Maggioni. (1993). 
\newblock A novel gestural input device for virtual reality.
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\bibitem{Mag-Mag94}	
C.Maggioni,  (February, 1994). 
\newblock Non Immersive Control of Virtual Environments. 
\newblock Proceedings of Virtual Reality (Anwendungen und 
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\bibitem{Mag-Mag95a}
Ch.Maggioni.  (June, 1995). 
\newblock GestureComputer: New ways of operating a computer.  
\newblock Proceedings of International Workshop on Automatic Face
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\bibitem{Wat-mandala93}
Mandala Group. (1993). 
\newblock Mandala: Virtual village.
\newblock  {\em SIGGRAPH-93 Visual Proceedings}. %%%% Does this need pages?

\bibitem{Bre-mase89:lip}
K. Mase and A. Pentland.  (June, 1989). 
\newblock Lip reading: {A}utomatic visual recognition of spoken words.
\newblock {\em Opt. Soc. Am. Topical Meeting on Machine Vision}, pp. 
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\bibitem{Mas-mase91c}
K. Mase. (October, 1991). 
\newblock Recognition of facial expression from optical flow.
\newblock {\em IEICE transactions (E)}, E--74(10); pp. 3474-3483.

\bibitem{Mas-mase92ae}
K. Mase. (March, 1992). 
\newblock {\em A New Man-Machine Interface using Image Sequence Analysis}.
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\bibitem{Mas-mase-pentland90a}
K. Mase and A. Pentland. (June, 1990 & July, 1991). 
\newblock Lipreading by optical flow.
\newblock {\em transcript of  IEICE of Japan (in Japanese)}, J73--D--II(6); pp. 796-803, Jun. 1990.
\newblock  (English version is available {\em Systems and
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\bibitem{Mas-mase-sue-aki87a}
K. Mase, Y. Suenaga, and T. Akimoto. (November, 1987). 
\newblock Head reader: A head motion understanding system for better
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\newblock {\em IEEE proc. SMC}, pp.  970-974.

\bibitem{Mas-mase-hohiji-sue90a}
K. Mase, Y. Watanabe, and Y. Suenaga. (Feburary, 1990). 
\newblock A real time head motion detection system.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of  SPIE 1260}, pp.  262-269.

\bibitem{Bre-mass83:evaluation}
D.W. Massaro and M.M. Cohen. (1983). 
\newblock Evaluation and integration of visual and auditory information in
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\newblock {\em Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
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\bibitem{Yac-Matsuno95}
K.~Matsuno, C.~Lee, S. Kimura, and S.~Tsuji. (1995). 
\newblock Automatic recognition of human facial expressions.
\newblock  {\em International Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 352-359.

\bibitem{Yac-Matsuno94}
K.~Matsuno, C.~W. Lee, and S.~Tsuji. (1994). 
\newblock Recognition of human facial expressions without feature extraction.
\newblock {\em European Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 513-520.

\bibitem{Cas-McNeill92}
 McNeill, D.  (1992).  {\em Hand and Mind:  What gestures reveal about thought}.  Chicago, IL:  
University of Chicago Press.


\bibitem{Wat-metaxas93}
D.~Metaxas and D.~Terzopoulos. (1993). 
\newblock Shape and nonrigid motion estimation through physics-based synthesis.
\newblock {\em {IEEE} Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
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\bibitem{Wen-Moghaddam95}
B. Moghaddam and A. Pentland. (June, 1995).  Maximum likelihood detection of 
faces and hands.  {\em  Proeedings of  International Workshop on 
Automatic Face- and Gesture- Recognition}, pp. 122-128.
 
\bibitem{Pen-moghaddam95}
Moghaddam, B., and Pentland, A. (June, 1995). 
Probabalistic visual learning for object detection.
{\sl International  Conference on Computer Vision}, Cambridge, MA.

\bibitem{Bre-move95:visual}
J.R. Movellan.  (1995). 
\newblock Visual speech recognition with stochastic networks.
\newblock In G.~Tesauro, D.~Touretzky, and T.~Leen, (Eds.). {\em Advances in
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\bibitem{Wen-Mui80}
J. K. Mui and K. S. Fu. (1980). Automatic classification of cervical 
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\bibitem{G-Mundy:92}
J.~L. Mundy and A.~Zisserman, (Eds.). (1992). 
\newblock {\em Geometric Invariance in Computer Vision}.
\newblock Cambridge, MA:  M.I.T. Press.

\bibitem{G-murase_nayar_95}
H.~Murase and S.K. Nayar. (January, 1995). 
\newblock Visual learning and recognition of 3-d objects from appearance.
\newblock {\em International  Journal of  Computer Vision}, 14(1)l; pp. 5-24.

\bibitem{Bre-nan_dettmer_sha95}
L.~Nan, S.~Dettmer, and M.~Shah.  (1995). 
\newblock Visual lipreading using eigensequences.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the International Workshop on Automatic Face- and
  Gesture-Recognition}, Zurich, Switzerland.

\bibitem{Kak-Niyogi}
S.~A. Niyogi and E.~H. Adelson.  (May, 1993). 
\newblock Analyzing and recognizing walking figures in xyz.
\newblock Technical Report 223, M.I.T Media Laboratory Vision and Modeling
  Group.

\bibitem{Per-niyogiA94}
S.A. Niyogi and E.H. Adelson. (1994). 
\newblock Analyzing gait with spatiotemporal surfaces.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the Workshop on Motion of Non-Rigid and
  Articulated Objects}, pp.  64-69.

\bibitem{Bre-ohala_94}
J.J. Ohala.  (1994). 
\newblock The frequency code underlies the sound symbolic use of voice pitch.
\newblock {\em Sound Symbolism.} L. Hinton, J. Nichols, and J. J. Ohala
  (Eds.), pp,  325-347.

\bibitem{Mas-ohtsu79}
N.~Otsu. (1979). 
\newblock A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.
\newblock {\em IEEE trans. SMC}, SMC-9; pp. 62-66.
%%%% need non abbreviated title of journal or conference. 

\bibitem{Bre-parke_72}
F.~Parke. (1972). 
\newblock Computer generated animation of faces.
\newblock {\em ACM National Conferences}, pp.  451-457.

\bibitem{Mag-Pav82}	
T. Pavlidis:. (1982). 
\newblock Algorithms for Graphics and Image Processing. 
%%%% need place where published: Springer.  If that is the name of the publisher.
\newblock Springer 1982 

\bibitem{Wat-pavlovic96}
V.~Pavlovi\'{c}, R.~Sharma, and T.~Huang.  (December, 1995). 
\newblock Visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer
  interaction: {A} review.
\newblock Technical Report UIUC-BI-AI-RCV-95-10.  University of Illinois at
  Urbana-Champaign.

\bibitem{Pen-pentland76}
Pentland, A.  (June, 1976). Classification by clustering. 
{\sl Proceedings of the Symposium On Machine Processing Of Remotely
Sensed Data.}.  IEEE Computer Society Press No. 76.

\bibitem{Pen-ivhs} 
Pentland, A., and Liu, A. (September, 1995). 
1995).Toward augmented Control Systems.
{\sl IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium �95}.  Detroit, Michigan.

\bibitem{Pen-pentland96} 
Pentland, A., Picard, R., Sclaroff, S. (1996).
Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases.
{\sl International Journal of Computer Vision}, vol. 18(3). %%%% need dates.

\bibitem{Wat-looking93}
A.~Pentland. (Ed.). (August, 1993). 
\newblock {\em Looking at People Workshop}, Chambery, France.
  IJCAI.

\bibitem{G-Pentland96}
A.P.~Pentland. (1996). 
\newblock Smart rooms.
\newblock {\em Scientific American}, 274(4); pp. 54-62.

\bibitem{Wat-pentland91}
A.~Pentland and B.~Horowitz. (1991). 
\newblock Recovery of nonrigid motion and structure.
\newblock {\em {IEEE} Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  13(7); pp. 730-742. %%%% what is it if it�s not abbreviated?

\bibitem{Cip-Perricos:96}
C.~Perricos. (1996). 
\newblock {\em Jester --- a head gesture recognition system for
Windows 95.}
\newblock {\em Proceedings of ESNA Annual Conference}, pp. 304-306. 

\bibitem{Bre-peta84a:automatic}
E.D. Petajan.  (1984). 
\newblock {\em Automatic Lipreading to Enhance Speech Recognition}.
\newblock Ph/D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.


\bibitem{Wen-Poggio90}
T.Poggio and F.Girosi. (1990). 
 Networks for Approximation and Learning.
{\em Proceedings of the IEEE}, vol. 78(3), pp. 1481-1497.

\bibitem{Pen-poggio90} Poggio, T., and Edelman, S. (1990).
 A network that learns to recognize three-dimensional objects. {\sl Nature},
343, pp. 263-266.

\bibitem{Per-polanaNelson94}
R.~Polana and R.C. Nelson. (1994). 
\newblock Recognizing activies.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings of ICPR}. %%%% does this need page numbers?

\bibitem{Wen-Press86}
W.H. Press, B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky and W.T. Vetterling. (1986). 
 {\em Numerical Recipes}.   New York: Cambridge University Press.

\bibitem{Cas-Prevost96}
 Prevost, S.  (June, 1996).  An information structural approach to spoken language generation.  {\em 
Proceedings of the 34th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}.  Santa Cruz, 
CA.  %%%% does this need page numbers?

\bibitem{Cip-quan}
L.~Quan and R.~Mohr. (1991). 
\newblock Towards structure from motion for linear features through
reference points.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of  IEEE Workshop on Visual Motion}.  Princeton, NJ.
 pp 249--254.

\bibitem{Pen-raibert} Raibert M. and Hodgins J. (1991).
Animation of dynamic legged locomotion. {\em Computer Graphics: Proceedings
of SIGGRAPH '91},  25(4), ACM Press, July.
%%%% is this a book or a journal or a compliation of papers for a conference?  If it�s a book 
then you need the place of the publisher (acm press) if  it�s either of the other two, you don�t need 
the name of the press, but then you need the page numbers.

\bibitem{Kak-Rashid}
R.~F. Rashid. (1980).
\newblock Towards a system for the interpretation of moving light displays.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  2(6); pp. 574-581.

\bibitem{G-rehg94b}
J.M. Rehg and T.~Kanade. (November, 1994). 
\newblock Digit{E}yes: Vision-based hand tracking for human-computer
  interaction.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the Workshop on Motion of Non-Rigid and
  Articulated Bodies}, pp. 16-24, Austin, Texas. IEEE Computer Society Press.
%%%% is this a book or a compilation of papers from a conference?  If a book, then the citaiton 
is organized differently,.... if it�s a compilaiton, then you don�t need the name of the publisher.

\bibitem{G-rehg94a}
J.~Rehg and T.~Kanade. (1994). 
\newblock Visual tracking of high {DOF} articulated structures: {A}n
  application to human hand tracking.
\newblock  J.~Eklundh, (Ed.). {\em Proceedings. of Third European Conference. on Computer
  Vision}, vol.~2, pp.  35-46.  Stockholm, Sweden.  Springer-Verlag.
%%%% is this a book or a compilation of papers from a conference?  If a book, then the citaiton 
is organized differently,.... if it�s a compilaiton, then you don�t need the name of the publisher.  
And I�m not sure why there is a name of an editor, when none of the other proceedings have 
editors names.

\bibitem{G-rehg95}
J.~Rehg and T.~Kanade. (1995). 
\newblock Model-based tracking of self-occluding articulated objects.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the  Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 
  612�617.  Boston, MA.  IEEE Computer Society Press.
%%%% is the name of the publisher necessary?

\bibitem{Col-Rheingold91}
H.~Rheingold. (1991). 
\newblock {\em Virtual Reality}.
\newblock Secker and Warburg.
%%%% citation for a book, which it looks like it is, is incorrect.  Needs to have a city/state for 
where it was published.

\bibitem{Cas-Rim82}
 Rim\'{e}, B.  (1982).  The elimination of visible behavior from social interactions:  Effects of verbal, 
nonverbal and interpersonal variables.  {\em European Journal of Social Psychology}, 12, pp. 113-129.


\bibitem{Cas-Rogers78}
Rogers, W.T.  (1978).  The contribution of kinesic illustrators toward the comprehension of verbal 
behavior within utterances.  {\em Human Communication Research}, 5, pp. 54-62.

\bibitem{Per-rohr93}
K.~Rohr. (June, 1993). 
\newblock Incremental recognition of pedestrians from image sequences.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the  IEEE Computer  Society  Conference on  Computer Vision and Pattern
  Recognition.}, pp.  8-13.  New York, New York. 

\bibitem{Kak-Rohr}
K.~Rohr. (1994). 
\newblock Towards model-based recognition of human movements in image
  sequences.
\newblock {\em CVGIP Image Understanding}, 59(1); pp. 94-115.

\bibitem{Pen-azriel}
Rosenfeld, A. (1969). {\em Picture Processing by Computer}. New York:  Academic
Press.

\bibitem{Kak-ORourke}
J.~O'Rourke and N.~I. Badler. (1980). 
\newblock Model-based image analysis of human motion using constraint
  propagation.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  2(6); pp. 522-536.

\bibitem{Mas-sakai-nagao-kanade72}
T.~Sakai, M~Nagao, and T~Kanade. (1972). 
\newblock Computer analysis and classification of photographs of human 
faces.
\newblock  {\em First {USA-JAPAN} Computer Conference}, vol. 2(7).
%%%% does this need page numbers?

\bibitem{Tay-Samal92}
A.~Samal and P.~Iyengar. (1992). 
\newblock Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: A survey.
\newblock {\em Pattern Recognition},
  25(1); pp.  65-77.

\bibitem{Mas-sato-mase-tomono-ishii93}
Atsushi Sato, Kenji Mase, Akira Tomono, and Kenichiro Ishii. (November, 1993). 
\newblock Pedestrian counting system robust against illumination changes.
\newblock {\em SPIE, VCIP'93}, 2094; pp. 1259-1270.
%%%% is there a way to not abbreviate the name of the conference?

\bibitem{Mag-Sch93}	
R. Schuster und S. Ahmad.  (1993). 
\newblock Modellbasierte Beschreibung von Farbhistogrammen und  
Segmentation von Farbbildern, in Mustererkennung.
\newblock Informatik aktuell,  Springer-Verlag.
%%%% Not sure but if this is a book or a journal, then {\em Informatik Aktuell}.  Ought there 
not also be a place?  If it�s a journal then it needs page numbers as well. 

\bibitem{Bre-scott_94}
K.C. Scott, D.S. Kagels, S.H. Watson, H.~Rom, J.R. Wright, M.~Lee, and K.J.
  Hussey. (December, 1994). 
\newblock Synthesis of speaker facial movement to match selected speech
  sequences.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Conference on Speech
  Science and Technology}.  %%%% need page numbers.

\bibitem{Wat-segen93}
J.~Segen. (March, 1993). 
\newblock Controlling computers with gloveless gestures.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings of  Virtual Reality Systems Conference}, pp, 2-6
%%%% most of these conferences have places where it was held.  Does this need it?.

\bibitem{Mag-Seg92}	
J. Segen. (1991). 
\newblock GEST: an integrated approach to learning in computer vision,
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multistrategy
Learning}, pp. 403-410. Harpers Ferry, USA.  

\bibitem{Kak-Seki}
S.~Seki, K.~Takahashi, and R.~Oka. (November, 1993). 
\newblock Gesture recognition from motion images by spotting algorithm.
\newblock {\em Proceeding of Asian Conference on Computer Vision}, pp, 
  759-762.  Osaka, Japan. 

\bibitem{Wen-Sellis87}
T.  Sellis, N. Roussopoulos and C. Faloutsos. (1987). 
The r+-tree: A dynamic
index for multidimensional objects.  {\em Proceedings of 13th
International Conference on VLDB}, pp. 507-518.  %%%% do we need to know where this conference 
was held?
 
\bibitem{Wen-Sethi82}
I. K. Sethi and G. P. R. Savarayudu. (1982). Hierarchical classifier design
using mutual information. {\em IEEE Trans. Pattern Recog.
and Machine Intell.}, vol. 4, pp. 441-445.
%%%% could the title of the conference not be abbreviated?
 
\bibitem{Cas-Short76}
 Short, J., Williams, E., and Christie, B.  (1976).  {\em The social psychology of telecommunications}.  
New York:  Wiley.

\bibitem{Bre-sils9411:sensory}
P.~L. Silsbee. (November, 1994). 
\newblock Sensory integration in audiovisual automatic speech recognition.
\newblock {\em 28th Annual Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and
  Computers}, pp. 561-565.  %%%% do we need to know where the conference was held?

\bibitem{Bre-simard93:tanget}
P.~Simard, Y.~LeCun, and J.~Denker. (1993). 
\newblock Efficient pattern recognition using a new transformation distance.
\newblock {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}.%%%% what are page numbers 
and do we need ot know where the conference was held?.

\bibitem{Cas-Sparrell93}
 Sparrell, C.J.  (1993).  {\em Coverbal iconic gesture in human-computer interaction}.  Master's thesis, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Cambridge, MA.

\bibitem{G-starner95}
Starner, T., and Pentland, A. (June, 1995). 
\newblock Visual recognition of american sign language using 
hidden markov models. 
\newblock {Proceedings of the International  Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition}, pp. 
189-194.  Zurich, Switzerland.

\bibitem{Wen-Stokoe60}
W. Stokoe. (1960). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual 
communication system of the American deaf'. {\em Studies in 
Linguistics,  Occasional Paper No. 8}.
 
\bibitem{Mas-sue-mase-fuku-hohiji93ae}
Yasuhito Suenaga, Kenji Mase, Masaaki fukumoto, and Yasuhiko Watanabe. (February, 1993). 
\newblock Human reader: An advanced man-machine interface based on human images
  and speech.
\newblock {\em Systems and Computers in Japan}, 24(2); pp. :88-102.
\newblock translated from IEICE of Japan, 75-D-II, 2, 190-202.

\bibitem{Wat-swain91}
M.~Swain and D.~Ballard. (1991). 
\newblock Color indexing.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Computer Vision}, 7(1); pp. 11-32.

\bibitem{Wat-SZELISKI94E}
R.~Szeliski and S.~B. Kang. (March, 1994). 
\newblock Recovering {3D} shape and motion from image streams using nonlinear
  least squares.
\newblock {\em Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation},
  5(1); pp. 10-28.

\bibitem{Bre-benoit_94}
C~Benoit T.~Guiard-Marigny, A.~Adjoudani. (1994). 
\newblock A 3-d model of the lips for visual speech synthesis.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings of the Second ESCA/IEEE Workshop on Speech
  Synthesis}.  %%%% does this citation need page numbers and place where the conference was 
held?

\bibitem{Yac-Terzopoulos91b}
D.~Terzopoulos and M.~Casileascu. (1991). 
\newblock Sampling and reconstruction with adaptive meshes.
\newblock {\em Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pp. 70�75.
%%%% does this need the place of the conference?  If it�s a journal, it doesn�t say what month, or 
what issue of the journal.

\bibitem{Tay-Terzopoulos93}
D.~Terzopoulos and K.~Waters. (1993). 
\newblock Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  15(6); pp.  569-579.

\bibitem{Cas-Thompson86}
 Thompson, L.A. and Massaro, D.W.  (1986).  Evaluation and integration of speech and pointing gestures 
during referential understanding.  {\em Journal of Experimental Child Psychology}, 42, pp. 144-168.


\bibitem{Cas-Thorisson95}
 Th\'{o}risson, K. R. (September, 1995). Multimodal interaction with humanoid computer characters. 
{\em Conference on Lifelike Computer Characters}, Snowbird, Utah, p. 45 (abstract).


\bibitem{Cas-Thorisson96}
 Th\'{o}risson, K. R. (1996). Communicative Humanoids: A Computational Model of Psychosocial 
Dialogue Skills.  Ph.D. Thesis, Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media 
Laboratory, unpublished.

\bibitem{Mas-turk-pentland91}
Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland. (June, 1991). 
\newblock Face recognition using eigenfaces.
\newblock {\em Proceedings CVPR'91}, pp. 586-591.
%%%% should the title of the conference be spelled out more?

\bibitem{G-TurkPentland91}
M.~Turk and A.~Pentland. (1991). 
\newblock Eigenfaces for recognition.
\newblock {\em Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience}, 3(1); pp. 71-86.

\bibitem{Mag-Tsa87}	
R. Y. Tsai. (August, 1987). 
\newblock A versatile camera calibration technique for high-accuracy 
3D machinevision metrology using off-the-shelf TV cameras and lenses.
\newblock {\em  IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation}, vol. RA-3(4).
%%%% does this citation need page numbers?

\bibitem{Yac-Tsukamoto93}
A. Tsukamoto, C-W. Lee, and S. Tsuji. (November, 1993).
\newblock Detection and tracking of human face with synthesize templates.
\newblock  {\em Asian Conference on Computer Vision}, pp. 183-186.


\bibitem{Pen-ullman91} Ullman, S., and Basri, R. (1991). Recognition by
linear combinations of models.  {\sl IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis
and Machine Vision,} 13; pp. 992-1006.
%%%% best not to abbreviate names of conferences.....

\bibitem{Cas-Vaananen93}
 V\"{a}\"{a}n\"{a}nen and B\"{o}hm, K.  (1993).  Gesture-driven
 interaction as a human factor in virtual environments-an approach
 with neural networks.
 In R.A. Earnshaw, M.A. Gigante and H. Jones (Eds.), 
{\em Virtual Reality Systems}.  London:  Academic Press Ltd.

\bibitem{Tay-Valentin94}
D.~Valentin,  H.~Abdi, A.~O'Toole and G.W.~Cotrell. (1994). 
\newblock Connectionist models of face processing: A survey.
\newblock {\em Pattern Recognition},
  27(9); pp.  1209�1230.

\bibitem{Mas-vargas87e}
M.~Vargas. (1987). 
\newblock {\em Louder than words}.
\newblock %%%% needs location of publisher: Iowa State University Press.

\bibitem{Mag-Vin91}	
V. J. Vincent.
\newblock Dwelving in the depth of the mind.
\newblock Proceedings of interface to real and virtual worlds, %%%% needs page numbers.  
Montpellier, VT.  

\bibitem{Cas-Wahlster91}
Wahlster, W., Andre, E., Graf, W. and Rist, T.  (1991).  Designing illustrated texts.  {\em Proceedings of 
the Fifth EACL}, pp. 8-14.


\bibitem{Mag-War94}	
C. Ware and R. Balakrishnana. (December, 1994).
\newblock Reaching for objects in VR displays: Lag and  
frame rate, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,
\newblock vol. 1(4), pp. 331-356. 

\bibitem{Yac-k-wata95-E}
K. Watanabe, Y. Iwai, Y. Yagi, and M. Yachida. (September, 1995).
\newblock Manual alphabet recognition by using colored gloves.
\newblock PRU 95-134, IEICEJ, Tokyo, Japan.

\bibitem{Yac-Watanabe95}
T. Watanabe, A. Tsukamoto, C-W. Lee, and M. Yachida. (1995).
\newblock Gesture recognition using multiple silhouette models for a real-time
  interactive system.
\newblock {\em Asian Conference on Computer Vision}, vol.~2, pp.
  235�239.

\bibitem{Wat-waters87}
K.~Waters. (July, 1987).
\newblock A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expressions.
\newblock {\em Computer Graphics ({SIGGRAPH '87})}, 21(4); pp. 17-24.

\bibitem{Wat-Waters&Levergood94}
K.~Waters and T.~Levergood. (November, 1995).
\newblock An automatic lip-synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces.
\newblock {\em Multimedia Tools and Applications}, 1(4); pp. 349-366.

\bibitem{Cas-Weber94}
 Webber, B. (March, 1994).  Instruction understanding for human figure animation. {\em Proceedings of 
the  1994 AAAI Spring Symposium on Active Natural Language Processing}. Stanford CA.


\bibitem{Cas-Weber95}
 Webber, B., Badler, N., DiEugenio, B., Geib, C., Levison, L., and Moore, M.  (1995).  Instructions, 
Intentions and Expectations. {\em Artificial Intelligence Journal}  73.  %%%% is this a page number? 
Or volumne?


\bibitem{Col-Wellner93}
P.~Wellner. (1993). 
\newblock Interacting with paper on the {D}igital{D}esk.
\newblock {\em Communications of the {ACM}}, 36(7)l, pp. 86-96.

\bibitem{Mag-Wel91}	
P. Wellner:  (November, `1991).
\newblock The DigitalDesk calculator: Tangible mManipulation on a desk top  
display. 
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and  
Technology (UIST 1991)}, %%%% are there page numbers? , Hilton Head, USA.

\bibitem{Cas-Williams77}
 Williams, E.  (1977).  Experimental comparisons of face-to-face and mediated communication:  A review.  
{\em Psychological Bulletin}, 84, pp. 963-976.


\bibitem{Wen-Weng94}
J. Weng. (June, 1994).  On comprehensive visual learning. {\em Proceedings of the 
NSF/ARPA Workshop on Performance vs. Methodology in Computer
Vision}, pp. 152-166, Seattle, WA.
 
\bibitem{Wen-Weng95a}
J. Weng and S. Chen. (1995). SHOSLIF convergence properties and MDF 
version of SHOSLIF-N, Technical Report CPS-95-22, Department of
Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

\bibitem{Wen-Weng96}
J. Weng. (1996). Cresceptron and SHOSLIF: Toward comprehensive visual learning.
in S. K. Nayar and T. Poggio (Eds.), {\em
Early Visual Learning.} New York: Oxford University Press.

\bibitem{Cas-Wilson96}
 Wilson, A., Bobick, A. and Cassell, J.  (1996).  Recovering the Temporal Structure of Natural Gesture.  
Submitted to the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition.

\bibitem{Wen-Wilks63}
S.S.Wilks. (1963). {\em Mathematical Statistics}, New York:  Wiley.

\bibitem{Mag-Wir93}	
B Wirtz, Ch. Maggioni. (1993). 
\newblock  ImageGlove: A novel way to control virtual environments,  
\newblock Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Systems, %%%% are there page numbers needed?  New 
York.

\bibitem{Mag-Wol88}
C. G. Wolf.  (1988). 
\newblock A comparative study of gestural and keyboard interfaces. 
\newblock Proceedings of the Humans Factors Society, 32nd meeting, 
pp. 273-277. 

\bibitem{Bre-wolf94:lipreading}
G.J. Wolff, K.V. Prasad, D.G. Stork, and M.E. Hennecke.
\newblock Lipreading by neural networks: {V}isual preprocessing, learning and
  sensory integration.
\newblock In Jack~D. Cowan, Gerald Tesauro, and Joshua Alspector, (Eds.), {\em
  Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, vol.~6, pp.
  1027-1034. %%%% where is the publisher?: Morgan Kaufman. 

\bibitem{G-wren95}
C.~Wren, A.~Azarbayejani, T.~Darrell, and A.~Pentland. (October, 1995). 
\newblock Pfinder: Real-time tracking of the human body.
\newblock  {\em SPIE Conference on Integration Issues in Large Commercial
  Media Delivery Systems}, vol. 2615, %%%% should there be page numbers?.

\bibitem{Yac-Wu95}
H. Wu, Q. Chen, and M. Yachida. (1995). 
\newblock An application of fuzzy theory: face detection.
\newblock  {\em International Workshop on Automatic Face- and Gesture
  Recognition}, pp. 314-319.

\bibitem{Tay-Yacoob94}
  Y.~Yacoob and L.~Davis. (1994). 
\newblock  Recognising facial expressions by spatio-temporal analysis. 
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Pattern Recognition},
vol.~1, pp. 747-749.

\bibitem{Yac-Yang93}
G.~Yang and T.~S. Huang. (1993). 
\newblock Human face detection in a scene.
\newblock  {\em Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, pp.  453-458.

\bibitem{Bre-yuha9010:neural}
B.P. Yuhas, M.H. Goldstein, T.J. Sejnowski, and R.E. Jenkins. (October, 1990).
\newblock Neural network models of sensory integration for improved vowel
  recognition.
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the  IEEE}, 78(10); pp. 1658-1668.

\bibitem{Tay-Yuille92a}
 A.L.~Yuille, D.S.~Cohen and P.~Halliman. (1992).
\newblock Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Computer Vision},
  8; pp. 104-109. 

\bibitem{G-yuille92}
A.~Yuille and P.~Hallinan. (1992). 
\newblock Deformable templates.
\newblock In A.~Blake and A.~Yuille, (Eds.), {\em Active Vision}, ch.~2,
  pp. 21-38. M.I.T. Press.

\bibitem{Wen-Zhang94}
Z. Zhang, (1994). Interative point matching for registration of free-form curves
and surfaces.  {\em International Journal of Computer Vision},
vol. 13, pp. 119-152.

\bibitem{Pen-zeltzer} Zeltzer D.  (1991).  Task-level graphical simulation:
Abstraction, representation and control. In: N.I. Badler, B.A.  Barsky
and D. Zeltser (Eds.), {\em  Making them move: mechanics, control and
animation of articulated figures}, pp. 3 - 33.  %%%% where is publisher:  Morgan Kauffman.

\bibitem{Mag-Zho89}	
Z.Zhou, K.C.Smith, B.Benhabib, R. Safaee-Rad. (1989). 
\newblock Morphological skeleton transforms for determining position
and orientation of pre-marked objects.
\newblock{\em  IEEE Pacific Rim  Conference on Communication, Computers and Signal Processing}, 
pp. 301-305.

\bibitem{Bre-zhu_yuille_95}
S.C. Zhu and A.L. Yuille. (1995). 
\newblock Forms: a flexible objecy recognition and modelling system.
\newblock  {\em Proceedings of the International  Conference of Computer Vision}.

\bibitem{Mag-Zim87} 
T.G. Zimmermann, J.Lanier, C. Blanchard, S. Bryson, Y. Harvill. %%%% citation did not include a 
year of publishing.
\newblock A hand gesture interface device.  
\newblock Proceedings of the ACM CHI+GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems  
and Graphics Interface, pp. 189-192. 

\end{thebibliography}









